New DCFHP-alum COVID-19 vaccine candidate shows durable, broad-spectrum protection in non-human primates

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claimed more than 6.89 million lives worldwide.

The rapid deployment of COVID-19 vaccines has prevented an estimated 14 million deaths in the first year of its administration. Following the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, the efficacy of existing COVID-19 vaccines has reduced.

Study: A ferritin-based COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine that elicits robust, durable, broad-spectrum neutralizing antisera in non-human primates. Image Credit: Marian Weyo / Shutterstock.com

The limitations of current COVID-19 vaccines

In May 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about one billion individuals globally have remained unvaccinated against COVID-19. The affordability issue of the COVID-19 vaccine has significantly limited mass vaccination, as most available vaccines require low-temperature storage and transportation that increase the cost of vaccine programs.

The lack of durable immune protection after COVID-19 vaccination or natural infection has also prevented the eradication of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) that can evade immune protection elicited either through vaccination or natural infection have resulted in a continual increase in infections globally.

The S∆C-Fer COVID-19 vaccine

Previous studies have indicated that nanotechnology-based protein vaccines are more readily available to antigen-presenting dendritic cells. The multivalent presentation of the antigen facilitated by the nanoparticles enhances receptor clustering and B-cell activation.

Ferritin-based nanoparticle vaccines are associated with strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, as well as significant efficacy and safety profiles. One protein nanoparticle-based vaccine, S∆C-Fer, contains an inactivated polybasic cleavage site that has been shown to improve neutralizing titers. Notably, S∆C-Fer also consists of the 2-proline (2P) prefusion-stabilizing substitutions that were present in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved COVID-19 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines. 

The S∆C-Fer vaccine candidate also contains a deletion of 70 amino acid residues from the C-terminus of the spike ectodomain. This deletion enabled the removal of a highly flexible region that contained immunodominant linear epitopes.

In comparison to other tested vaccines in mice models, this modified spike protein on a ferritin nanoparticle revealed a significantly better neutralizing capacity of the induced antisera.

About the study

A recent Nature Communications study introduced the updated version of S∆C-Fer, which has been called Delta-C70-Ferritin-HexaPro (DCFHP). The previously present 2P stabilizing substitutions were supplemented with four proline substitutions to develop a six-proline substituted (HexaPro) form of the vaccine. 

DCFHP can be produced in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. DCFHP was found to be more stable to thermal denaturation than S∆C-Fer. 

This nano-based COVID-19 vaccine contains DCFHP-alum, in which the DCFHP antigen was developed with aluminum hydroxide (alum). The aluminum salt adjuvant is a commonly used adjuvant in human vaccines that has received approval from the FDA and other global regulatory bodies. Importantly, alum has also been used in infant vaccines against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP), hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and is associated an exceptional safety profile.

Study findings

DCFHP-alum was found to induce a robust and durable immune response in mice against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Importantly, this vaccine candidate also remained stable in wide-ranging temperatures from 4°C to 37°C for at least 14 days.

The low projected cost, high-scale production, and broad-spectrum antibody response make DCFHP-alum a desirable COVID-19 vaccine alternative. Thousands of DCFHP vaccine doses per liter of engineered CHO-K1 cell culture could be produced if a vaccine dose of less than 100 micrograms and a purification yield of 10% or more were obtained.

Rhesus macaques subjected to two intramuscular doses of DCFHP-alum produced durable, robust, and broadly neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies were highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, such as the Omicron subvariants BA.4/5 and BQ, and induced a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. Importantly, these antibody responses persisted for more than 250 days.

Non-human primate (NHPs) antisera exhibited strong and persistent neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-1 pseudovirus. NHPs also received a booster dose of DCFHP-alum after one year, which produced a robust, wide-spectrum, and anamnestic neutralizing antibody response.

Conclusions

The newly developed DCFHP-alum COVID-19 vaccine candidate was found to be affordable and effective for mass vaccination. Based on experimental results, a less frequent booster vaccination schedule of once yearly would provide effective, robust, and persistent antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain, as well as its variants.

If the NHP results are reproduced in clinical trials, DCFHP-alum could be used as a booster vaccine in individuals who were vaccinated with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. This vaccine candidate would also remain effective in unvaccinated individuals with a history of COVID-19.

Written by

Dr. Priyom Bose

Priyom holds a Ph.D. in Plant Biology and Biotechnology from the University of Madras, India. She is an active researcher and an experienced science writer. Priyom has also co-authored several original research articles that have been published in reputed peer-reviewed journals. She is also an avid reader and an amateur photographer.